Free Essays on The 13th Warrior Vs. Beowulf

The thirteenth Warrior Vs. Beowulf Michael Crichton interweaved a few parts of Beowulf with his own musings to deliver the show, â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Beowulf, recorded by an anonymous Christian priest in the eighth century, filled in as a system for the plot of â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Beowulf and â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† have numerous distinctions yet the likenesses that they share are increasingly bountiful all through the two pieces. Rather than doing an immediate interpretation of Beowulf, the author of the â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† utilized his innovativeness to create another story. To begin, â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† is seen through the eyes of Antonio Banderas’ character, Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan, while Beowulf recounted to the account of Beowulf from a third individual perspective. The heroes, (Beowulf), and Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan (â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior†) are of various ethnic gatherings; Beowulf is Swedish and Ahmed is Arabic. In â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† gatherings of men battle the malevolent which is as men spruced up as bears, perhaps to appear to be all the more terrifying, and their mom, who is an abhorrent witch. Beowulf by and large battles the detestable, which is spoken to by Grendel and his mom, who are the two beasts, relatives of Cain, alone. The warriors of â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† and Beowulf, plainly, had unintelligible purposes behind b attling the bear men. Beowulf needed to be acclaimed and with distinction comes fortune. Beowulf was haughty not normal for the men in â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Ahmed and his confidants were not offered cash or any prize; they didn't, really, need to be associated with their brave deeds at Herot; they simply needed to help spare the residents. Like Beowulf and Ahmed, Grendel and the bear men had indiscernible explanations behind assaulting Herot. Consistently the men of Beowulf would keep awake until late snickering, moving, drinking; commending their significance. Grendel became exhausted of this after a long time after night and in the end looked for his vengeance. Grendel assaulted on the grounds that he... Free Essays on The thirteenth Warrior Vs. Beowulf Free Essays on The thirteenth Warrior Vs. Beowulf The thirteenth Warrior Vs. Beowulf Michael Crichton interweaved a few parts of Beowulf with his own considerations to create the dramatization, â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Beowulf, recorded by an anonymous Christian priest in the eighth century, filled in as a structure for the plot of â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Beowulf and â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† have numerous distinctions however the likenesses that they share are increasingly plentiful all through the two pieces. Rather than doing an immediate interpretation of Beowulf, the essayist of the â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† utilized his innovativeness to manufacture another story. To begin, â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† is seen through the eyes of Antonio Banderas’ character, Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan, while Beowulf recounted to the narrative of Beowulf from a third individual perspective. The heroes, (Beowulf), and Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan (â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior†) are of various ethnic gatherings; Beowulf is Swedish and Ahmed is Arabic. In â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† gatherings of men battle the abhorrent which is as men spruced up as bears, perhaps to appear to be additionally terrifying, and their mom, who is a detestable witch. Beowulf for the most part battles the insidious, which is spoken to by Grendel and his mom, who are the two beasts, relatives of Cain, alone. The warriors of â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior† and Beowulf, unmistakably, had disjointed purp oses behind battling the bear men. Beowulf needed to be renowned and with popularity comes fortune. Beowulf was haughty not normal for the men in â€Å"The thirteenth Warrior.† Ahmed and his companions were not offered cash or any prize; they didn't, really, need to be associated with their chivalrous deeds at Herot; they simply needed to help spare the residents. Like Beowulf and Ahmed, Grendel and the bear men had muddled purposes behind assaulting Herot. Consistently the men of Beowulf would keep awake until late chuckling, moving, drinking; commending their enormity. Grendel became tired of this after a long time after night and in the end looked for his retribution. Grendel assaulted on the grounds that he...

Hathaway’s Poetry Essay

William Hathaway is a battle war veteran who has composed numerous books with respect to war and men (Rommel). He for the most part takes develop and personal subjects and themes. Be that as it may, one of his sonnets entitled â€Å"Oh, Oh† gets none of these thoughts. This is the thing that makes the sonnet extraordinary. Rather than the standard subjects, Hathaway handles an exceptionally virtuous merriment in this sonnet. Despite the fact that the utilization of words is very mind boggling and provocative, the sonnet discusses the youthful love sprouting amidst a made world. This energetic sonnet with its rich symbolism is an exquisite case of two metaphors, to be specific, incongruity and likeness in sound. The symbolism built by Hathaway in the sonnet is apparent in a considerable lot of the portrayals he has utilized. In the sonnet, using phrasing and tone, the writer communicates the caring feeling that he feels towards his young lady. He attempts to grab hold of the valuable second where he and his young lady are distant from everyone else in a field of grass. Moreover, pictures they had always wanted are likewise outlined distinctively. This was finished by the utilization of the train and the railroad. As the train approaches them, the fantasy of him being president fills the occasion. The association between the man and the young lady is additionally settled by the girl’s consent to the fantasy, in any event, including, â€Å"and me first lady† (Hathaway 574). The relationship therefore showed by the pair appears to extend more as the passing train ventures farther. Another generally excellent technique for enhancing the symbolism of the sonnet is really clear on the poem’s title. Investigating the title, it gives an impression of a quiet but then enthusiastic air during the occasion. In spite of the fact that the passing train is to some degree quick and the second is brief, the writer adequately hinders the ticking of the clock because of the manner in which he utilizes words that wait into the reader’s mind. Consequently, the creator paints a decent picture of the scene. One of the instruments that made the poem’s symbolism effectively portrayed is the author’s utilization of various interesting expressions. One of them is the likeness in sound which is clear in the vast majority of the lines. In any case, likeness in sound is an interesting expression where impersonation of common sounds by words is utilized (Microsoft Encarta). As can be seen from the title, the sonnet is apparently brimming with onomatopoeic words. One such case is the line, â€Å"moocows eating daisies† (Hathaway 574). The creatures were depicted by the utilization of the sounds they make, in this way, making an increasingly clear picture as though the peruser hears the normal sounds at that point himself. Another such model is shown by â€Å"the choo-choos light† where the writer attempts to let the peruser hear the happening to the train with that sound quality of the train (Hathaway 574). As can be watched, in spite of the fact that the artist didn't generally utilized the word train, it was at that point comprehended all things considered. What makes it distinctive is that it gives an innocent touch to the sonnet. This exertion is a decent method of suggesting that the darlings are in their energetic years. The general impact of the conscious utilization of onomatopoeic stanzas in this manner gives the young spring to the sonnet. Other than the utilization of likeness in sound, the creator likewise utilizes the interesting expression known as incongruity. In this sort, otherwise called conundrum, the creator attempts to verbalize repudiating thoughts to drive a point or depict various pictures (Microsoft Encarta). Strikingly, the creator doesn't really utilize incongruity truly. Rather, the sort of incongruity utilized in the sonnet is that of situational incongruity, that implies, there are two pictures that are portrayed which reciprocally differentiate one another. This can be obviously clarified by taking a gander at the two conditions that are spoken to in the sonnet. The first of the two pictures is that of nature. As can be seen from the initial stanzas of the sonnet, the creator portrays the picture of nature in meadow. He even attempted to remember brushing creatures for his portrayal. In this way, the picture is rendered as a regular habitat where the living animals, for example, â€Å"the moocows eating daises† and the â€Å"grass stems† are flourishing (Hathaway 574). Then again, the other picture is that of the made world. This man-made picture incorporates that of the rail street, the train and even those â€Å"Hells Angels† referenced in the sonnet (Hathaway 574). Every one of these things are made in the mechanical universe of man, in this way setting an unnatural situation. This mechanical picture is the contrary picture of the normal encompassing portray prior. Along these lines, such mechanical picture and common encompassing is a use of incongruity. Makes it all the more fascinating that the youthful couple appears to connect these two pictures. The â€Å"arm waves to us from the dark window† is an association between these two differentiating pictures (Hathaway 574). The utilization of metaphors in the sonnet makes its more extravagant artistic substance. It gives a feeling that the creator played with fitting words to make an energetic touch to the entire piece. What separates the sonnet is its quietness amidst a quick passing second. The symbolism was a showstopper chiefly contributed by the utilization of two interesting expressions, explicitly, sound to word imitation and incongruity. Utilizing these exemplary instruments of verse, the creator makes a sonnet brimming with feeling and energy.

Not Since free essay sample

Sub zero air stings my lungs as I wheeze for breath. The water violently whips and pulls me down to guarantee my life. My arms and legs won’t proceed onward my order and I feel cold beating through my body. All I see is murkiness, and it feels so forlorn. â€Å"Do you have everything?† my Mom asked as she embraced me farewell. â€Å"Yes, I do. Love you, bye.† I embraced her back, pressing considerably more tightly than she. The smell of her minty hair item additionally say goodbye to me, leaving her fragrance waiting in my noses. My Mom despises outdoors. That’s why she and my dad remained at home the entire week that we were no more. Outdoors is for the remainder of my family, which incorporates my Grandma, two siblings, Kyle and Kevin, and my cousins, Elizabeth and Pete. We generally park our old spring up camper and set up our shelters by this fairly huge stone on the Bay of Vermillion Lake. We will compose a custom article test on Not Since or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The stone is about the size of a little carport and projects into the huge lake. It has little infant shakes in the water encompassing it, ideal for hopping to and fro on. Our names are as yet noticeable, just canvassed in a light layer of earth and greenery, where we cut them in years back among others. This stone was the best spot for getting crawfish, except for the two equal docks close to the sea shore. Following a long first day of swimming at the sea shore, the time had come to state goodnight. I constantly cherished swimming since I was acceptable at it. I had mermaid-like highlights; holding my breath for a madly lengthy timespan and swimming quick. I would even beat both of my more seasoned siblings in rivalries. Both of my folks were entirely fortunate to have such a capable girl. â€Å"Get got dry, and come eat!† my grandma’s voice resounded the whole sandy sea shore. For supper, my grandmother put her on the map pureed potatoes, with pink cranberry lighten for dessert. A short time later, my siblings, cousins and I were advised to get tidied up. We as a whole made a beeline for the shower houses to wash off the day’s fun, and to prepare for bed. I had stuffed my preferred pink cushioned night robe with purple specks. They were so thick and warm, not in any case a cool night could contact me. On the stroll back to the camper, we were all tranquil; tired from the sun and the warm food in our midsections. â€Å"Race you as far as possible of the dock and back† my cousin Pete tested me. I was not going to withdraw from a race, particularly one against a kid. Subsequent to tallying down from three, we were off. We both ran on the equal docks. Pete took the left one, and I ran on the correct dock. While running, I recollected this is the place I lost it. It was a temperament ring, formed like a heart, and changed hues like the sky. I even paid extra to have my name stepped within. While crawfish chasing, I laid the ring down close to me, securely in the center a dock board. I probably knock it since I particularly recall the commotion it made when it hit the water. Stopping toward the finish of the dock, I pivoted and saw that Pete was marginally in front of me. Getting a move on, I started to find him while out of nowhere I lost my balance in one of the splits. The water felt so cold. A sharp shock incapacitated me. I couldn’t move. The heaviness of the water in my night robe was pulling me down. I couldn’t regain some composure. Everything began to go dim. Out of nowhere, I began to emerge from the water. My cousin Pete and my siblings were battling to maneuver me back up onto the dock. We advanced back to the camper. The cooling night felt like a severe winter against my wet skin. My tears were nearly solidified against my cheeks. My grandmother pulled me right up front, her embrace sending a warm wave through my whole body. She later sent me back to the shower house. I tidied up and put a new pair of night wear on. A couple of days after the fact my mother showed up to get my siblings and me. I enlightened her concerning the damaging occasion and cried some more. She helped me. I haven’t been exploring the great outdoors since. In spite of the fact that I havent been exploring the great outdoors from that point forward, I took in a significant exercise that decisive day. Nobody is strong. I, Sarah, the most grounded swimmer in my family, should have been saved from suffocating. This practically confusing occasion serves to delineate two significant focuses. To start with, it shows that even in our most grounded and most talented everyday issues, we would all be able to tumble down eventually, requiring somebody to pick us back up. I ought not have required saving from the watery lake, yet I did. Besides, There are hardly any representations that show the estimation of family more noteworthy than this. I truly was minutes from death and would have passed on had my family not been there to spare me. Despite the fact that my family can drive me insane now and again, I love them and am appreciative for them. Regardless of where we go throughout everyday life, family will consistently be with us.

Pennsylvania Students Slowly Adopt Popular College Entrance Exam Option

Despite National Popularity of the ACT, Most Pennsylvania Students Choose SAT over ACT 2012 marked the first year that high school students taking the ACT outnumbered students taking the SAT nationally. In 2013 even more students adopted the college entrance exam created by ACT Inc. Despite national popularity, the ACT has made slower gains in Pennsylvania. In an effort to help Philadelphia-area families better understand their college entrance exam options, A+ Test Prep and Tutoring offers free, no-obligation SAT and ACT practice exams, along with test analyses and advice on which exam is a better fit for an individual student. The ACT has traditionally been the lesser-known college entrance exam, especially in the Northeast (see a New York Times map detailing the popularity of each exam here). However, ACT scores are now accepted by all universities and colleges that request test scores from students. â€Å"High school students across the country should understand that both the SAT and ACT carry equal weight in the eyes of college admissions officers,† says Dan Ascher, M.Ed., President of A+ Test Prep and Tutoring. â€Å"With a number of differences between the two tests, it’s essential for each student to determine which test will best showcase his or her knowledge and skills.† In Pennsylvania, most high schools require students to take the PSAT, but not the PLAN (the ACT equivalent to the PSAT). This fuels misconceptions that the SAT is the most common, or better, standardized test format for prospective college students. "With students as busy as they are today, they don’t have the time to prepare for two tests,† Ascher notes. A+ offers more than 15 free, proctored ACT and SAT practice exams each year in the Delaware Valley. Local students can also request a paper copy of a practice exam, to help them determine the test format that is best for them as they prepare for the curriculum-based ACT or the reasoning-based SAT. A+ doesn’t recommend simultaneously preparing for both tests, as each has its own format and test-taking strategies. Focusing on one test format allows tutors to maximize time spent with each student to improve his or her final ACT or SAT score. Some additional points about the ACT’s gain in popularity nationally compared to regional momentum in Pennsylvania: Popularity is slowly growing for ACT test prep in the Philadelphia area. Five years ago, A+ had few test prep students interested in taking the ACT. Now one of every six A+ test prep students (17%) focuses on the ACT exam. In the class of 2013 in Pennsylvania, 101,368 students (70%) took the SAT (according to the College Board), while 26,171 students (18%) took the ACT (according to act.org). Nationally, 1.8 million members of the class of 2013 took the ACT, while 1.66 million took the SAT. According to act.org, since 2009, â€Å"the number of ACT test-taking graduates has increased by 23.5%.† There are a number of differences between the SAT and ACT – for example, the ACT requires students to answer more questions per unit of time, but has a predictable order to its sections. For a more comprehensive list of differences between the two tests, click here. About A+: A+ Test Prep and Tutoring provides one-to-one tutoring to over 600 students in the Philadelphia area annually. A+ employs 65 professional tutors, who offer academic coaching, instruction in all school subjects, and test prep for SAT and ACT exams. A+ tutors are available at the company's two office locations in Montgomery County, PA, at students’ homes and schools throughout the Delaware Valley, and online in a virtual classroom. Read more on their website, www.aplustutoring.com. For more information, contact Dan Ascher at 215-886-9188 or 610-520-0537.

ESL Present Perfect Worksheets

The present perfect isnt a verb tense unique to English, but it can still be complicated for beginning ESL students to master. Though French, Italian, German, and Spanish use the present perfect to address past events, in English, the present perfect connects a past moment to the present moment in time. The present perfect is often used either to reference life experiences, to invoke recent past events that have influenced the present moment or to reference a span of time that began in the past and extends into the present. The present perfect is one of the most difficult tenses to teach and to learn. Below is a quick review of the present perfect, followed by two worksheets designed to help ESL students practice their use of the verb tense. Present Perfect Positive Form Review Subject have   past participle objects Examples: Tom has lived in New York for 10 years.We have studied French since 2003. Present Perfect Negative Form Subject have not past participle objects Examples: She hasnt met Peter.They havent finished the job yet. Present Perfect Question Form (Question Word) have subject past participle? Examples: Has she worked here for a long time?Where has she gone? Important Note:  Regular past participles in -ed, irregular past participles of verbs vary and must be studied. Yet / Just / Already Yet is used in the present perfect negative and question forms.Just is used in the present perfect positive form.Already is used in the present perfect positive form. Examples: Have you finished the job yet?Shes just left for Chicago.Theyve already eaten lunch. Since / For Since and for are common time expressions used with the present perfect tense. Since is used with specific dates. For is used with periods of time. Examples: Janet has worked at this company since 1997.Weve lived in this house for five years. Present Perfect Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses using the form indicated. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. How long ______ (he/live) in New Jersey?Peter ______ (not play) baseball since 1987.I ______ (speak) Russian for 20 years.We _____ (not see) Tom since Christmas.Has ________ (Alan/fly) in an airplane before?Shannon _____ (not/go) to lunch yet.Our class _____ (take) a field trip three times this year.Where _____ (they/move) to?Jennifer _____ (ask) that question four times today.You _____ (not eat) lunch yet, have you?Jason _____ (want) to move to New York since he was 5 years old.How long _____ (they/know) Peter?Alexandra _____ (work) for IBM since 2002.Jeff _____ (buy) a few books this week.Sally ______ (not read) that book yet._____ (they/leave) for work yet?Bill _____ (not/drive) very far today.We _____ (enjoy) eating seafood all of our lives._____ (he/watch) the documentary yet?I _____ (not/finish) the job yet. Present Perfect Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the present perfect tense. They have lived in that house (since/for) 10 years.She has (just/yet) gone to the bank.Franklin hasnt arrived in Boston (yet/already)We have worked at this company (since/for) 2008.Jason hasnt telephoned me (since/for) two weeks.How (long/much) have you known Susan?Theyve (already/yet) studied the past simple tense.Our mothers have (just/yet) left for the station.The president has traveled to more than 20 countries (since/for) he was elected.Thomas hasnt had time to read the book (just/yet).Alice has told me shes (yet/already) been to that park.My daughters (just/since) finished her homework.Have they (already/yet) spoken to Mr. Peters?Ive (just/for) interviewed the best candidate for the job.Our coach hasnt chosen the starting team (already/yet).Bob and Tim have (already/yet) decided where they are going on vacation.Have you purchased a new computer (just/yet)?Sam has wanted to go to Japan (for/since) he was a little child.Jason hasnt worked here (since/for) very long.Our boss has ( just/yet) hired a new engineer. _______________________________________________________________________________ Present Perfect Worksheet  1 - Corrections Conjugate the verb in parentheses using the form indicated. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. How long  has he lived  in New Jersey?Peter  hasnt played baseball  since 1987.I  have spoken  Russian for 20 years.We  havent seen  Tom since Christmas.Has Alan flown  in an airplane before?Shannon  hasnt gone  to lunch yet.Our class  has taken  a field trip three times this year.Where  have they moved  to?Jennifer  has asked  that question four times today.You  havent eaten  lunch yet, have you?Jason  has wanted  to move to New York since he was 5 years old.How long  have they known  Peter?Alexandra  has worked  for IBM since 2002.Jeff  has bought  a few books this week.Sally  hasnt read  that book yet.Have they left  for work yet?Bill  hasnt driven  very far today.We  have enjoyed  eating seafood all of our lives.Has he watched  the documentary yet?I  havent finished  the job yet. Present Perfect Worksheet 2 - Corrections Choose the correct time expression used with the present perfect tense. They have lived in that house  for  10 years.She has  just  gone to the bank.Franklin hasnt arrived in Boston  yet.We have worked at this company  since  2008.Jason hasnt telephoned me  for  two weeks.How  long  have you known Susan?Theyve  already  studied the past simple tense.Our mothers have  just  left  for  the station.The President has traveled to more than 20 countries  since  he was elected.Thomas hasnt had time to read the book  yet.Alice told me shes  already  been to that park.My daughters  just  finished her homework.Have they  already  spoken to Mr. Peters?Ive  just  interviewed the best candidate for the job.Our coach hasnt chosen the starting team  yet.Bob and Tim have  already  decided where they are going on vacation.Have you purchased a new computer  yet?Sam has wanted to go to Japan  since  he was a little child.Jason hasnt worked here  for  very long.Our boss has  just  hired a new engine er.

Society And Culture Unit Of Work Rationale - 1412 Words

Society and Culture Unit of Work Rationale Personal and social identity is a fundamental unit for students as it provides a starting point for them to conceptualise how their personal experiences interconnects with public knowledge and understand the role of socialisation. As mentioned in the assessment the class consists of a diverse number of ethnic backgrounds and ability so this unit is crucial for them to understand how they fit in different social and cultural settings. In a way the diversity found in a class makes for an interesting interactions and discussions which will contribute to their understanding in the unit. This of course is limited by students willingness to share such information thus the activities in this unit have†¦show more content†¦This is important for those students are they can contribute when they are comfortable sharing personal experiences and beliefs and when they are comfortable to use the English language thus avoiding confrontation with t he teacher. For students that have difficult behaviour the intention of using class discussion to provide a space where they can learn to empathise with other people in the classroom and engage with the discussion as an outlet for their need of attention. Class discussions are used widely because they can provide benefits on so many different levels for classroom management and for differentiation. The unit of work will start by exploring how individual identity is built up of a combination personal experiences and social experiences. The context of this unit of work is that it starts after students have started to develop a sense of what their personal identity in previous lessons. The lessons now start to look away from the micro and more towards the meso through understanding the role of location as identity, particularly issues like nationalism and global citizenship. This lesson was left in the unit of work because it shows a lesson where students of different cultural backgrou nds can contribute to the discussion in their own way. Students have room to argue that through the process of globalisation their family may have moved to Australia and this experience is a change in their identity while an equally valid argument can be made that because of

Melbourne Institute Applied Economic Social â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Melbourne Institute Applied Economic Social? Answer: Introduction In the labor force, when some members are unable to find jobs to sustain their lives then they are identified as unemployed person in the economy. Those who remain unemployed are not for same reason. When people are willing to work but are not able to find in the prevailing market wage then it is called involuntary unemployment. Sometimes, people remain unemployed by their choice. This type of unemployment is named as voluntary unemployment. State of unemployment depends on the health of the economy. In times of economic boom, more jobs are created and hence unemployment is low. At times of recession or depression, the economy contracts due to declining aggregate demand. During this time, many people lose their jobs, contributing to unemployment. Australia has gone through rapid economic development with changing scenario and scope of the economy. Dependence of the economy has increased on the service sector while growth in primary and manufacturing sector is comparatively declined limiting job opportunities. New job opportunities are opening up in a wide variety of services. Service including health, hospitality and education are accounted for maximum number of job creation. In agriculture, the adaption of advanced technology contributes to reduction in labor employment. Manufacturing sectors as well has a tendency of adapting labor saving technology to reduce production cost. Another factor responsible for job loss in Australia is the growing competition with imported manufacturing. In this essay unemployment trend in Australia for the last five years are analyzed. In Australia, some common types of unemployment are structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment and frictional unemployment. When unemployment continued for a comparatively long period then it is called long-term unemployment. The overall scenario of unemployment is viewed in light of its impact on the economy and consequent government policies to mitigate unemployment and move towards ensuring a full employment condition. Major Unemployment types in Australia Based on the influencing factors unemployment in an economy are of different types such as seasonal unemployment, cyclical unemployment, Structural unemployment, frictional unemployment and disguised unemployment. Seasonal unemployment is found occupation that largely dependent on seasons (Goodwin et al., 2013). For example, in agriculture there is a certain crop cycle including specific time. After completion of the crop cycle, farmers depending on only one seasonal crop, faces seasonal unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is inevitable for an economy. Every economy has gone through business cycle fluctuation. In recession or depression phase the economy contracts leading to contraction to economic activities and hence contraction of employment opportunities. The unemployment resulted from business cycle fluctuation is called cyclical unemployment. In order to make economic progress, major structural changes often take place. Labor force unable to adapt such changes loses their jobs during this time. Some industry often considers revising production technology. Laborers lacking sufficient skill become unemployed. Frictional unemployment is unemployment at times of switching from one type of jobs to other (Davar 2016). This arises because of economic bottlenecks. Disguised unemployment is a situation where a person engages in jobs without making any marginal contribution. This means withdrawing this person does not make any change in total output. Some common causes of unemployment in Australia are: Shutdowns of Industry: An obvious factor leading to unemployment in Australia is shutdown of many supporting industries. Those who lose jobs in this phase are not fully absorbed because of insufficiency in job opportunities (Argy and Nevile 2016). These industries include textile, agriculture, manufacturing like automotive and so on. Infrastructure: In the infrastructure, sector public and private spending declined in harder tomes for the economy. This resulted moving out of people having skills like engineers moves to overseas causing unemployment to local laborers. Off shoring: Off shoring is a major contributor of unemployment in Australia. This began from when government stated offering incentives in terms of tax payment because of moving industries or jobs there (Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei 2015). Mostly manufacturing and textile jobs are going off shore. Recession: In time of recession, companies adapt tightening policies where worker are lay off from their current jobs leading to unemployment in the economy. Immigration: Australian government allows immigration of mining laborers and international students (Carvalho 2015). This increases the strength of the labor force while contributing to unemployment for local laborers. Trends in Australian Unemployment Figure 1: Trends in Australian Unemployment in last five years (Source: tradingeconomics.com) The current rate of unemployment in Australia is 5.6%. The unemployment rate remains steady and same with in the earlier month. The statistics for new job creation is Australia is 54,200 (McLachlan 2013). As against the new job creation, the number of unemployed declined is only 1,100. Labor force participation rate has increased slightly. Recent participation rate for labor force is 65.3. In the previous year, this figure was 65.1 percent. The labor-force participation rate attained highest level since 2012 and reached beyond expectation. Employment in the economy jumped from 54,200 to 12,269,000 (Wilkins and Wooden 2014). This is considered as the biggest achievement in terms of employment creation. The employment estimate for the period was 15,000. Both full time and part time employment in Australia increases. Increases in part time employment is greater than that of full time employment. Full time jobs increased from 40,100 to 8,392,300. Employment in part time jobs increases fr om 14,100 to 3,876,700. Overall unemployment decreases by 1,100 to 727500. People are more interested in full time jobs than in the part time jobs because of greater job security. Number of people searching for full time jobs increases by 6,400 from 501600. People looking only for part time jobs have decreased by 7,500 (Hawthorne 2016). Dependency ratio that is ratio of employment to population shows an improvement and becomes 61.6 percent from 61.4 percent. Condition of labor market Condition of labor market strengthens in the last few years. In 2016, level of employment in the economy has increased by 1.9 percent. This is above the rate of average growth since the last ten years. Employment growth though accelerated in the second half of 2015, the growth slows down in the first quarter of 2016 (Furlong 2016). The growth in employment between June 2015 and June 2016 was basically driven by high growth of part time employment. The part time employment grew by 3.7 percent and became 3,740,000 in 2016. There is a modest rate of growth of 1.1 percent for the same period. Increase in part time jobs is reflected in the increases in monthly hours worked. The level of unemployment in Australia fell by 3.1 percent. Unemployment rate declined from 6.1 percent in 2015 to 5.8 percent in 2016. The improvement in unemployment rate shows shift towards traditional labor-intensive technology. The growth is mostly in service-based industries. New employment opportunities are created in 12 out of 19 major category industries (Boz, Durdu and Li 2015). Large increase is observed in social assistance, health care, retail trade and construction. In contrast to employment creation in retail trade, the whole trade experiences a decline in employment. Similarly, technical and scientific services and manufacturing employment declined. The mining sector has experienced a modest rate of growth in employment. the modest rate of growth in mining employment is viewed is terms of massive declining in mining sector employment from August 2012. During 2012, depressed mining employment was resulted from decreasing commodity prices and shifting away from labor-intensive phase of construction to the production phase. In between this, the position of youth employment has improved for the given period. There is a marginal decline in youth unemployment rate (Martin, 2014). The concerning fact is that, though youth employment has increased it is increased mostly in part time jobs. The full time employment for youth members of the labor force declines over the same period. The declining statistics of full time employment among youth goes in lin e with the fact that full time education among the youth increases by 52.4 percent reaching a recorded a high level. Although labor market condition strengthens, however several risk to the labor market remains. The prospective risk is associated in terms of further possibility of Chinas growth. The Chinas economy is shifted ways from investment driven growth. In Australia, there remains uncertainty in the commodity market with commodity prices have fallen to a significant low level in contrast to the recorded hike in 2011. In 2016, the Treasury forecasted fiscal and pre election economic outlook to increase employment by 1.75 percent over the period 2016-17 and 2017-18 (Wilkins 2015). With this, the expected unemployment should decline to a moderate level of 5.5 percent and stay consistent at that level in the next period as well. Labor Force participation rate and ratio of employment to population for the age group 15-64 Participation rate in the labor force is defined as the proportion of population currently in the working age that is actively participating in the labor force and either involved in any kind of jobs or looking for jobs. It is considered as a good indicator to find out strength of the labor force. However, part of the labor force, that is not actively looking for jobs are is excluded from this measure. They are the discouraged job seekers. Employment to population ratio measures the only those groups of working age population that are actively employed. Both the demand and supply side factors influence this ratio. It stands as a good summary indicator for presenting labor market performance of Australia in comparison to other countries specially the members in OECD list. Overtime, the ratio of employment to population increases in Australia. The ratio has become 72.4 percent in 2016 (employment.gov.au 2017). The ratio of workforce age to population has increased slightly and become 77.0 percent. Figure 2: Labor force participation rate and employment-to-population ratio (Source: employment.gov.au 2017) Males and Females (aged 15 to 64) participation rate in the labor force The disparity between male and female participation in the labor force has narrowed overtime. In recent time, the gap is filled by 11-percentage point, moving Australia closer towards achieving a G20 goal of reduction in males and females disparity in the workforce by 25 percent within 2025 (Burke and Dundas 2015). Obviously, the gap has been narrowed because of a rise in female participation rate and decline in the male participation rate. Participation rate for females increased by 0.6 percentage point and achieved the level of 71.7 percent. As against female participation, participation of male members in the labor force decreased by 0.5 percentage point. The higher growth in female participation rate is partly contributed from the growth o industries hiring a larger proportion of women at times Australia transition towards to broad spectrum of economic growth from earlier resource intensive phase. Figure 3: Labor force participation rate of males and females aged 15 to 64years (Source: employment.gov.au 2017) Analysis of unemployment in some major state of Australia Figure 4: Unemployment in different states of Australia (Source: abs.gov.au 2017) As per report of Australia Bureau of Labor Statistics, rate of unemployment declined in New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and South Australia. In 2015, Victoria recorded an increase in the trend unemployment rate and becomes 6.2% (businessinsider.com.au 2017). In Northern Capital Territory, unemployment rose to 4.9% while in Western Australia unemployment rate decreases or remains steady to 6.1 percent. In Australian Capital Territory, unemployment rate increases by 0.2 percentage point. In the phase of mining boom in 2005, Western Australia accounted lowest unemployment rate (Measham et al. 2013). Queensland and South Australia depending highly on mining experienced a decline in the unemployment rate. At that time, New South Wales presently having lowest rate of unemployment, then had a relatively high level of unemployment. Moving to another five years, one year ahead of the beginning of the financial crisis, major states except Western Australia had unemployment rate ranging from 5.1% to 5.4%. During this time, Western Australia was in an early stage of Mining Boom Mark II. Chinas announcement of Infrastructure rollout program helps Western Australia still to have a lowest rate of unemployment with rat of unemployment being 4.5 percent (Gleeson 2015). The current trend of unemployment began from September 2014. The lower value of Australian dollar helps states mostly depended on the service sector to lower unemployment rate. The construction of residential housing also accelerated in this time and unemployment in New South Wales remains at 5.9%. Unemployment in Victoria fell rapidly from 6.7% to 6.2 percent in just one year. Tasmania, that had highest unemployment rate of 7.2% , achieved an unemployment rate of 6.0%. The states relying on service sectors while experienced a decline in the unemployment rate, while mining sector dependent did not. The economy of South Australia and Western Australia mostly aligned with growth of mining sector accounted unemployment rate of 6.8% and 5.1% respectively. The capital expenditure in mining sector declined significantly and commodity prices lowered. The unemployment rate in Queensland was 6.4%. Reforms in the tourism sector can be considered as an offsetting factor. The economy has planned for a successful transition from resource intensive growth objective to one that is fuelled by housing construction and consumption. However, the transition is still in its initial level and need some years to complete and prospect of having a changing employment and economic outlook. Unemployment consequences Unemployment has destructive effect on peoples lives. Not only he unemployed person but also the family, community and the economy is affected from the steady unemployment state. The effect can trickle down to the next generation. Unemployment means a loss of scarce productive resources of the economy. Those who lose their jobs unwillingly lack sufficient resources to support their retire life. The impact on society is in terms of increases in income support program, increasing social cost for health and community support and reduction in the availability of human capital for productive growth. The Treasury pointed out that, the short term impact of unemployment is the reduction in the flow of personal while in the long run its results in inability of the people to save for future. Mission Australia recorded of having clients unable to afford clothes for interview, transport or telephone to interviews. Lacks of relaxation of council rates for unemployed persons often results in council debts among job seekers. As indicated by the Treasury, income support given to unemployed constitutes only one third of net wages. The replacement rate is lower than that prevailing in most OECD countries under social insurance system (Junankar 2016). It is found that unemployment has more severe impact on those having financial commitments such as rent or mortgages, education expenses of students and is liable to more number of dependents. Department of Family and Community Services (DFaCS) possess a long-term concern for persistent unemployment. The mature aged people tend to be more depend ent on income support extended too them. Existing unemployment impacted on Federal budget through a lower generation of present and future tax receipts by increasing spending on superannuation and other unemployment benefits (Morris and Wilson 2014). Larger the proportion of unemployed in a society, greater is the need for spending on education, health and other kinds of social service. Australian Government policies for lowering unemployment Different programs and policies are undertaken by the Australian government to reduce existing unemployment and attain a state of full employment for the economy. Different programs for combating unemployment are discussed as follows Indigenous Employment Program (IEP) (1999- Current): Major objectives of this scheme are to provide wage assistance, arrange employment and training program, undertaking indigenous Cadetship Projects and establishing Indigenous Employment Centers. Other assistances are providing in terms of corporate leadership in Indigenous Employment Project, building funds for indigenous small business and voluntary services are given to indigenous communities (Gregory and Smith 2016). The IEP has attempted to boost employment in the private sector. In 2009, a range of changes was undertaken in IEP. It includes assistance to voluntary mobility; program corresponds to literacy and language, extending more support to the small and medium sized business enterprises, monitoring and pre-employment training program with special focus on regional industries and areas running with a shortage of labor. Job Service Australia (2009): This program replaced earlier Job Network program and has become primary employment program in Australia. This change is made in an attempt to improve the relation between apprenticeship and assistance given to labor market, improves in vocational education in training programs with a subsequent improvement in training and employment program in different states and territory (Argy and Nevile, 2016). It concentrates more on the group of job seekers who are at a disadvantageous position than earlier Job network program. Community Development Program (CDP): It is a centrally controlled program. It involves strict penalties because of any non-compliance and aims to provide more working hours (Dowding and Martin 2017). Adaption of this policy results in substantial increase in penalties and financial hurdles for many participants. In 2017, Australian senate launches an inquiry into CDP. The need for inquiry arises because of concerns regarding the programs impact on individual, family members and in the broader community. There are concerns from Job Australia that CDP is responsible in creating unwanted financial hardship and ends up with poverty in remote areas of Australia. Conclusion The essay discusses trends of unemployment in Australia in the last five years. The trend shows that Australia has made significant improvement in combating unemployment. New jobs are created in Australia contributing to declining trend in unemployment. Proportion of people engaged in part time jobs offsets that in full time jobs. Youth members of labor force are more likely to engage in part time jobs with an increased tendency towards full time education. The ratio of employment to population is improving with narrowing the gap between male and female employment. 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